Doenecke Justus, Bibliografie, książki
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//-->The Literature of Isolationism,1972-1983:ABibliographicalGuidebyJustus D.DoeneckeDepartment of HistoryNew College of the University of South FloridaIn this essay, the author updates his monograph7heLiterature of Isolarionism:AGuide to Non-InterventionistScholarship,1930-1972(Colorado Springs,Colo.: Ralph Myles,1972).Only rarely will material from the earlier volumehe repeated here. This essay supplements, not replaces, the earlier work.Itwasoriginally written in 1980 for a seminar sponsored by the World WithoutWar Council, Berkeley, California, but it is updated even further.To be called an isolationist wins no popularity contests, and no politician can af-ford the label. Indeed, the indiscriminate use of this word has done much overthe years to cloud serious debate over foreign policy. However, because of Americandisillusionment with the Vietnam War, it is safe again to express skepticism con-cerning the nature and scope of United States commitments overseas.In fact, concern over the current direction of American policy cannot help butcolor the way many movements in the past are interpreted, and the so-called isola-tionist movement is no exception. During at least the last twenty years, manyscholars have been able to free themselves from the bitter polemics surroundingWorld WarIand have been able to research the movement with fresh eyes. OftenIthe result is a more balanced and thorough appraisal.The collective efforts of these scholars show a movement of infinite diversity.In their ranks, isolationists included libertarians such as Albert Jay Nock and FrankChodorov, consewatives such as Herbert Hoover and Robert A. Taft, liberals suchas Chester Bowles and Charles A. Beard, socialists such as Norman Thomas, col-lectivist elitists such as Lawrence Dennis.Iffinancier JosephP.Kennedy was anisolationist, so was labor leader JohnL.Lewis. Indeed no element of Americansociety was immune to isolationist sentiments.DefinitionDuring the 19709s, practically no historian wrestled with the basic nature ofisolationism-that is, focused on its causes and explanations-as had such earliercommentators as Ray Allen Billington, WayneS .Cole, and Samuel Lubell. One158THE JOURNALOFLIBERTARIAN STUDIESSpnngmajor exception, Raymond A. Eustus, "Isolationism and World Power,"Diplomatic History2 (Spring 1978): 117-29, deals with the period between 1898and 1914. Yet we have reached a workable consensus on its defmition, one ablyexpressed by Manfred Jonas: "the avoidance of political and military commitmentsto, or alliances with, foreign powers, particularly those of Europe." Jonas outlinesthe isolationist posture in his article entitled "Isolationism," published in the se-cond volume of Alexander De Conde, ed.,Encyclopedia of American ForeignPolicy: Studies of the Principal Movements andldear(New York: Scribner's, 1978),pp. 496-506.BibliographyOver the past decade, Justus D. Doenecke has contributed several essays cover-ing research on isolationism:f i e Literature of Isolationism(previously cited);"Isolationism of the 1930's and 1940's:AnHistoriographical Essay," inR.Sellenand T. Bryson, eds.,American Diplomatic History: IssuesandMethodc(Carrouton,Ga.: West Georgia College Studies in the Social Sciences, 1974), pp. 5 4 0 ; and"Beyond Polemics: An Historiographical Re-Appraisal of American Entry intoWorld War11,"History Teacher12 (February 1979): 21-52. In "The Anti-Interventionist Tradition: Leadership and Perceptions,"Lirerature of Liberty:AReview of Contemporary Liberal %ugh14 (Summer 1981): 7-67, Doenecke com-bines a review of the scholarly literature with extensive discussion of prominentisolationist leaders and their published works.Other historians have made efforts to place scholarly literature on isolationisminto a wider context. Exceptionally good are Ernest C. Bolt, Jr., "Isolation,Expansion, and Peace: American Foreign Policy Between the Wars," and GeraldK. Haines, "Roads to War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941," both inGerald K. Haines and1.Samuel Walker, eds.,American Foreign Relations: AHistoriographical Review(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981), pages 133-57and 158-77 respectively. No student of foreign policy should be without RichardDean Bums and the Society for the Historians of American Foreign Relations, eds.,Guide to American Foreign Rehtions since17W(Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC Clio,1983). For an imaginative approach, see "The Problem of American Entry intoTwentieth Century World War: A Study in Conflicting Historiography" (Ph.D.diss., University of Idaho, 1982), written by William Dixon Newall.General Studies-7he Thirties and World WarIIWayne S. Cole's new volume,Roosevehandthe Isolationists,1934-45 (Lin-coln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), is defmitive on Roosevelt's relation-ship to the most prominent and influential isolationist leaders. The product of overthirty years of research, it is particularly strong on the midwestem progressiveswhom Cole sees as the backbone of the movement. Manfred Jonas'sIsolationismin America,1935-1941 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966) has achievedalmost classic status for the years it covers.General Studies-Cold War EraMany opponents of American participation in World WarI1remained active1983LITERATUREOF ISOLATIONISM159in the early Cold War years, and Justus D. Doenecke has told their story inNotto the Swifr: R e Oldisolationistsin the Cold War Era(Lewisburg, Pa.: BucknellUniversity Press, 1979). His interpretationconcerning this group can alsobefoundin:"The Strange Career of American Isolationism,"Peace and Change3 (Summer-Fall 1975): 79-83; "Conservatism: The Impassioned Sentiment: A Review Essay,"American Quarterly23 (Spring 1977): 601-19; "The Isolationists and a UsablePast: A Review Essay,"Peace and Change5 (Spring 1978): 67-73; and "TheLegacy of Cold War Isolationism,"USA Today109 (July 1980): 64-65. In allthese works Doenecke fmds the isolationist legacy an ambivalent one, but not onewithout vision or insight.Another work casts a wider net than these studies do, for it is not limited tothose active in the dispute over Roosevelt's foreign policy. In Tad Galen Carpenter's"The Dissenters: American Isolationists and Foreign Policy, 1945-1954" (Ph. D.diss., University of Texas at Austin, 1980), the author fmds the Cold War graduallyerodimg the isolationists' ranks. He concludes that, despite their ideological andorganizational limitations, they offered relevant and sometimes prophetic criticismof American intervention.Specific Issues of the Twenties, Thirties, and Early FortiesCertain incidents and issues have received special focus. For discussion of atheme long stressed by isolationists, see David A. Richards, "America ConquersBritain: Anglo-American Conflict in Popular Media during the 1920s."Journalof American Culrure3 (Spring 1981): 95-103. In his "Victory in Defeat: TheSenatorial Isolationists and the Four-Power Treaty,"Capital Studies2(Spring1973): 23-38, Thomas N. Guinsburg f i d s long-term isolationists picking up somesurprising allies. Harry Dahlheimer, "The United States, Germany and the Questfor Neutrality, 1933-1937" (Ph. D. diss., University of Iowa, 1976), claims thatthere was little continuity between the isolationists of the thirties and those of theprevious decade. The classic account of the neutralityactsremains RobettA.Divine,The lllusion of Neutrality(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). ErnestC. Bolt, Jr.'sBallots before Bulletr: l b e War Referendum Approach to Peace inAmeriea, 1914-1941(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1977) isdefmitive on its topic. For an able treatment of the 1940 election, see Charles JosephErrico, "Foreign Affairs and the Presidential Election of 1940" (Ph. D. diss.,University of Maryland, 1973). A general discussion of "American Isolationism,1939-1941" is found in Doenecke's article of that title,Journal of LibertarianStudies6 (SummerIFall 1982): 201-15.World CourtThe World Court is re-emerging as an object of study. Here two scholars standout. Gilbert N. Kahn has written "Pressure Group Influence on Foreign PolicyMaking: A Case Study of United States Effotts to Join the World Court-1935"(Ph. D. diss., New York University, 1972), as well as "Presidential Passivity ona Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World CourtFight,"Diplomatic History4(Spring 1980): 137-60. The other historian is Robert1-50THE JOURNAL OF LBERTARIAN STUDIESSpringD. Accinelli, who has written his dissertation on "The United States and the WorldCoutt, 1920-1927" (University of California at Berkeley, 1%8). Among AccineUi'snumerous published articles, those most important to the historian of isolationismare: "Peace Through Law: The United States and the World Court, 1923-1935,"Canadian Historical Association-Historical Papers,1972, pp. 249-61; "TheHoover Administration and the World Court,"Peace and Change4 (Fall 1977):26-36; and "The Roosevelt Administration and the World Coutt Defeat,"Historian40 (May 1978): 463-78.fie Nye Committee and Senator Gerald P. NyeMajor works on Nye and his committee remain JohnE.Wiltz,In Search ofPeace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry,1934-1936 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana StateUniversity Press, 1965), and Wayne S. Cole,Senator Gerald P. Nye and AmericanForeign Relations(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1962). Cole sum-marizes his analysis of Nye in John N. Schacht, ed.,Three Faces of MidwesternIsolationism(Iowa City, Iowa: Center for the Study of the Recent History of theUnited States, 1981), pp. 1-10. Specialized articles include: Lawrence H. Larsen,"Gerald Nye and the Isolationist Argument,"North Dakota History47 (Winter1980): 25-27; J. Garry Clifford, "A Note on the Break Between Senator Nye andPresident Roosevelt in 1939,"ibid.,49 (Summer 1982): 14-17; Robert JonesLeonard, "The Nye Committee: Legislating Against War,"ibid.,41 (Fall 1974):20-28; and Wayne S. Cole, "A Tale of Two Isolationists-Told Three Wars Later,''Newslener of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations5 (March1974): 2-16.Negotiated PeaceFor isolationist dreams of a peace between Hitler and the Westem powers, seeDcenecke, "Germany in Isolationist Ideology, 1939-1941: The Issueof a NegotiatedPeace," in Hans L. Trefousse, ed.,G e m n y and America: Problems of Interna-tional Relations andlmmigration(New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1981), pp.215-26. Isolationists occasionally put their hopes in Britain's former prime minister,David Lloyd George, whose views are summarized in A.1.P. Taylor, ed.,LloydGeorge: Twelve Essays(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1971).InterventionismNo bibliographical essay devoted to isolationism can offer a thorough accountof interventionism as well. One must, however, note Roben Dallek's comprehen-siveFranklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,1932-1945 (New York:Oxford University Press, 1979), which offers good explanationsasto why the move-ment was long so powerful in Congress.In his seminal work,The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance,1937-41:A Srudy in Competitive Coaperation(Chapel Hill: University of North CarolinaPress, 1982), David Reynolds deals with many issues focused on by isolationists.He claims that in 1939, when war broke in Europe, Roosevelt first believed thatAllied strategic bombing would preclude the need for another American Expedi-tionary Force. According to Reynolds, Roosevelt's Charlottesville speech (prom-1983LITERATURE OF ISOLATIONISM161ising major aid to the Allies) was more inspirational than substantive, the missionof Sumner Welles centered on mobilizing neutral Europe behind a compromisepeace, and Washington policy-makers, including FDR, initially doubted Churchill'ssobriety and balance. When lend-lease was first passed, it was neither outstandinglynovel, notably attractive, nor particularly important.Some new essays are quite suggestive. Charles J. Errico, "The New Deal,Internationalism, and the New American Consensus, 1938-1940,"MarylandHistorian9 (Spring 1978): 17-31, offers material on convergence between foreignpolicy internationalism and belief in a welfare state. For the interventionist beliefin social control, see StephenJ.Sniegoski, "Unified Democracy: An Aspect ofAmerican World WarI1Interventionist Thought, 1939-1941,"ibid.,pp. 33-48.Mark M. Lowenthal, "INTREPID and the History of World WarII,"MilitaryAffairs41 (April 1977): 88-W, debunks later claims by the British security leaderinAmerica, William Stevenson, who did much boasting in hisA Man CalledInnepid(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1976).Specijk Issues of the Cold War EraThomas M. Campbell'sMasquerade Peace: America's UN Policy,1944-1945(Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1973) sees a resurgence of isolationismjust before and after the Yalta conference. Richard Paul Hedland, "Congress andthe BritishLoan,1945-1946" (Ph. D. diss., University of Kentucky, 1976), coversone of the first postwar debates that bad Cold War overtones. Matthew EdwinMantell, in his "Opposition to the Korean War: A Study in American Dissent"(Ph. D. diss., New York University, 1973), surveys a variety of dissenters, rang-ing from pacifists to such senators as William Langer.Douglas MacArthurAs many isolationists supported MacArthur's presidential ambitions, CarolynJane Mattem's "The Man on the Dark Horse: The Presidential Campaign forGeneral Douglas MacArthur, 1944 and 1948" (Ph. D. diss., University of Wis-consin at Madison, 1976) is extremely significant. By tracing conflicts within hiscampaign organization, Mattern shows that MacArthur's political supporters couldnot be stereotyped as mere reactionaries and isolationists. One should also noteHowardB.Schonberger, "The General and the Presidency: Douglas MacArthurand the Election of 1948,"Wisconsin Magazine of History57 (Spring 1974):201-19. MacArthur's 1944 campaign is also coveredinD. Clayton James's secondvolume of7be Years of MacArthur,1941-1945 (Boston: Houghton MiMm, 1975).William Manchester'sAmerican Caesar: Douglas MacArthur,188&1964 (Boston:Little, Brown, 1978) is often superficial and should be used with caution.Bricker AmendmentJohn W. Bricker offers his own reminiscences on his ill-fated efforts to changeAmerican treaty law in his "John W. Bricker Reflects upon the Fight for the BrickerAmendment," ed. MarvinR.Zahniier,Ohio History87 (Summer 1978): 322-33.TerenceL.Thatcher offers an extensive legal discussion in his "The Bricker Amend-ment: 1952-54,"Nonhwest Ohio Quarterly69 (Summer 1977): 107-20. Duane
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